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  Sri Aurobindo

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Intellectually one of the greatest mystics of India after Shankara, and indeed of the world, Sri Aurobindo worked out a whole system of mysticism, which he called Integral Yoga and which had to serve as a kind of road map for students of mysticism. The road map consisted of describing the different levels or stages that a human being (potentially) evolved to in the course of his life. Every level wasSri Aurobindo clearly delineated and marked out the emotional, intellectual and spiritual growth one was able to attain. The levels increase, as we come higher, in complexity, but also in value. So we find at rock bottom the material level of the gross elements our body, one stage higher in complexity, is made of. Our body is controlled by the vital force, which gives the body its emotions, its drives, its perceptions, its predilections, its aversions. At the third stage the mental comes out in evolution and begins to control the material and the vital. But there was yet another, a fourth level, that was so to speak promised to us by evolution. It had hitherto only been realized by a small number of exceptional individuals. Aurobindo called it the supramental. It was the realm of Spirit, lying hidden in clouds of mystery, both in the cosmos as in the deepest recesses of our interiority. His whole yoga was aimed at bringing this higher level of evolution to the world.

Aurobindo was one of those mystics who believed in truth. With patience and endurance this truth of yoga could be attained: a person could be lifted up to these higher supramental levels of spiritual development. Aurobindo´s mysticism believed that there were higher forces operating in the world, that were an aid to this evolution. The God of Aurobindo´s world was an evolving Goddess. He called this Goddess ´the Mother´. She was an aid to the world in bringing it finally back to its primal condition of perfect and blissful rest in Godhead (much like in the mythology of catholicism Maria is mediatrix between man and God). In the practice of the spiritual life it meant that the sadhak (the spiritual aspirant) had to surrender him/herself to the loving care of the Mother. Her Grace would eventually redeem.

But the Grace of the Mother, coming from above, was not the only force that was helpful to the sadhak. The liberating force also came from below: the lower levels of the material, the vital/bodily and the mental all showed this tendency of their own: they wanted to be raised to higher levels. Aurobindo explained this by pointing to the fact that enlightenment was already resident at the lower levels. There it showed an innate tendency to become realized. This inner enlightenment of all the levels (´always already the case´) Aurobindo called ´the inner being´ of a person. He meant that in the inner core of all the levels a spiritualized nucleus was prominent, though hidden in mystery, that was accessible to our intuition. So eg. in the vital there was a spiritualized version of all emotions already resident: lust wanted to be spiritual love, anger wanted to be rightful indignation etc. So from both ways, from above as from below, all the levels had an inclination to spiritualization. This meant for Aurobindo that not the so called naturalness of our body, our emotions, our thoughts and our feelings were natural, but that it was their supranaturalness that was natural.

Approval: Aurobindo´s description of being as consisting of successive evolutionary levels, that show an increase in value, is a tempting one. Somehow it seems to match the psychological and existential facts. It is in line with the inner experience. It explains eg. why we all feel embarrassed about our body and its emotions. Our body makes us feel uncertain about ourselves. This simple fact is proved by just one Sri Aurobindo in his room at Pondicherryglance in the mirror. Especially when we grow older the value of our body decreases and our live becomes more centered in mind, soul and Spirit. The higher levels of our being are definitely an improvement upon the lower levels. There is an innate tendency in our lives to grow to these higher levels. But it is not given on forehand. It takes discipline and a definite will not to remain identified with the lower levels of body and its emotions. Evolution is not a screaming command, but more like a gentle push, a persuasion from nature. We have out of our own accord to comply with it.

Aurobindo´s theory also explains the fact that at a certain moment in life we become discontented with living from one particular level. We feel that a richer life is promised to us if we somehow manage to become more soulful, more caring, more from the heart. We want to grow higher. We want to become spiritual (each in his own way). We have the intuition that the riddle of life somehow finds an answer in the regions beyond our mind, in our soul and further still, in far and unknown lands that are in need of exploration. This challenge now becomes our greatest adventure. When we grow older we want to leave our history and our personality behind and take the dive into the great unknown. We all, in different degrees, develop the ability for contemplation in our lives, especially when the end draws near. This ability is what makes us humans. It is the spiritual force in us. It is the defining force of evolution.

So this was Aurobindo´s yoga: lending a hand to this evolution. Key words in this respect were: trust and surrender. Trust in the workings of evolution that worked at lifting the lower up to the higher and infusing the higher into the lower. And surrender to the divine shakti, the Force, that helped us in realizing this upward path. He called his yoga ´integral´ because it addressed all the levels of a human being, both vital and mental and beyond. So jnana was necessary to gain trust and understanding. But bhakti was just as important, because it conditioned the psychic being of a person, her soul, into surrendering to the spiritual force. The inner or central being of man had a twofold appearance: at the one hand it was the psychic being, the individual soul, that was the emotional witness of all the levels, more in a personal way. This psychic being we feel evolving through the years and through practice. It is the soul in us that grows. But at the highest level our inner being is nothing but the Jivatman, the inner Spirit in us. This Jivatman never evolves but is always blissful in its full perfection. It has no needs and everything in it is always already realized. This Jivatman is the same as Brahman, the Godhead.

So what Aurobindo seems to suggest is: do not bother about Spirit. It needs no bothering. Work at the lower levels. Bring your psychic being to the foreground. Give her evolution a little push by letting her focus on Spirit instead of on the vital and the mental. And also: transform the vital and the mental by bringing your psychic being to it. Make your thoughts and emotions more soulful. This is not only to be done in meditation. But it is a transformation that takes all the energies of your whole life to practise. In the end becoming fully consciousness will realize a total blending and eventually a complete identity of our soul and our Spirit. Then the goal of our evolution is reached.

At the lower levels Spirit is present but more hidden, more clouded in ignorance, more passive. So to put it bluntly, there is at first glance not much God to be found in rock, in dust, in dung and excrements. That´s why the material appalls us or leaves us cold. But when we contact life forms of higher evolution like plants, animals, human beings, our soul rejoices more and more, because we recognize in these life forms the Spirit that we actually are. So these higher life forms have taboos surrounding them. Here we feel forbidden to kill and eat. For then we would be violating the Spirit that we feel as the most precious part of ourselves.

According to Aurobindo Spirit can oppose itself at these lower levels. There are forces at work in the material, vital and mental levels that are contrary to evolution. They want to prevent the lower levels from becoming spiritualized. These dark forces need to be overcome first. As we can see here, Aurobindo´s thinking was still tinged with mythology. He believed that these forces were Asura´s, devils, that were operative in the dark unconscious of the world. But even if we skip aside all his mythology, we can still see that he has a point here. Let us take his words in a symbolic way. He meant that the body and the vital are not used to the peace and harmony of Spirit. In a way it is very unnatural for the body to be calm and blissful all the time. The nervous system is easily aroused by hormonal attacks. From the moment we are born our body is used to violent upheavals of emotions. In such a nervous body it is not very easy to realize Ananda. When we meditate our body and mind sometimes refuses to comply in becoming calm. And everyone who has experienced Kundalini attacks after meditation knows the struggle and pain the body can give to the aspirant who wants to open up his heart to Spirit.

The body and its vital emotions have formed a habit of reacting on outside stimuli. This has created our identification with the outside world and with the inner thoughts and emotions that were provoked by these stimuli. To take just one obvious example out of a whole panorama of experiences: every time we see a beautiful sexy woman our body gets excited and we are being pulled down to the lower levels of our body. When this happens we surely will not die on the spot. We might even enjoy it for a while. But deep in our hearts we do not want these emotions. They enslave us. They make us feel subservient. So it is with other emotions like jealousy, anger, ambition, power etc. They are provoked by the outside world. We have formed a habit in giving in to them. If we want to become happy this habit has to be reversed.

But at this point some further questions present themselves that somehow reach the very heart of spirituality. So let´s be very careful here. For right now most readers would like to ask: why should we try to transcend the vital in the first place? What is the use of that? Is this not again the same old repression and the same old devaluation of our very life blood and our body that Plato forced down our Western throats? And see with what result: centuries of men and women alienated from their body, living in philosophically and theologically sanctioned neurosis. Why should we not enjoy our body? Are not our emotions the very juice of our life´s sapling? Who would want to live a day without the stirring and exhilarating agitations of our body? They are the feast of life.

The answer Aurobindo gives to this question is a simple one: surely, the emotions give pleasure, but there is a far greater joy to be found in life! And this joy and immense satisfaction can only be found if we leave the body and its emotions behind and go onward. One day there will come a time when we laughSri Aurobindo about these little pleasures of the body, just like the grown up man smiles on the children he sees playing at the playground. In his wisdom he will not condemn their merriment. Somehow they represent the glory of life. Their play and their merriment move him and bring tears to his eyes. But he knows that their play is childish and that the peaceful happiness and the wisdom of his adult years is far more to be preferred. Just  watching. Just enjoying the feast of life with an ecstatic heart in its deep abyss of stillness. That is a joy beyond any comparison. It has left the childish joy of the body far behind.

´Yeah, but how do I know? Will I ever reach this blissful state the mystics speak of? Admittedly, not all my emotions are a merriment to me. Sometimes my lust or my ambition change in its opposite and make me feel depressed, lonely and victimized. Then I am fed up with my emotions. Then like a modern time Attis I´m eager for cutting them all off. In the morning I can be agitated by the joy of my emotions, but in the evening, when weariness drops my head to a less cheerful stance, the exhaustion often leaves me depressed. Then I would surely want to find a way of transcending them. But how to know? Is it feasible for a human being?´

´Trust me´, Aurobindo says. ´I have done it. So why shouldn´t you? This transcendence is promised in our evolution. You can grow to it, if only you would focus it and make it the only thing you want in life. It can only be one or the other. You cannot serve two lords in this respect. The transcendence takes all the energy you have. But if you truly want it, it will happen, because you can already, right this very moment, feel the transcendence in you. All you have to do is to close your eyes and see that the deepest You has always been transcendentally free. Now, just lift your lower levels up to this Spirit which you are.´

Criticism: but now a second, and even more important question presents itself. How to do it? And here we have to be more careful still. So much can go wrong. The greatest danger lies in repressing our emotions. This is also a point of concern for Aurobindo. He warns us not to repress our feelings. For it will only result in a greater duality and split in our inner life. And like Freud said: repressed feelings become stronger instead of weaker. Aurobindo is aware of this difficulty in our sadhana. But his solution still presents some problems, I´m afraid. In More Lights on Yoga (1935) he writes that we have to take the perspective of the Purusha/Witness each time we are confronted with the problems of the vital in our life. We have to remain still and passive. We have to refuse to give in to the demands of our body and our vital emotions. The Purusha/Witness always remains aloft and unperturbered. All it takes is shifting our center of awareness from our personal self to the Purusha. When ignored and not taken seriously the emotions are stopped from being fueled, wither away and at last die.

But, it must be said, this is extremely difficult, also very dangerous, and only successful after many years of practice. In the beginning of our sadhana it is sheer impossible to ignore our emotions and take a higher stance. There is also the great danger of slipping into stoicism, forcefully controlling our emotions, one of the greatest dangers of spiritual life. If we take emotions like sex or anger it is for the beginning aspirant virtually impossible not to give in. The inner life would be totally ripped to pieces, would the beginner engage in an ascetic battle with his emotions, especially when he is still young and very vital (in the sense of Aurobindo). It would not be healthy not to give in to the sex drive. And when the nervous system is still very tensed and the sadhak is being besieged by nervous tensions, depressions or fits of rage, that are the remnants of a life of pain, injury and frustration, it is also not very healthy not to give in to these emotions, for the boiling kettle might explode when the steam is not afforded a way out.

My solution has always been, when faced with the problem of stubborn vital emotions, to show them gentleness and friendship. It is like with an angry friend. It is not very useful and supportive to become contaminated and swept away by his anger. But when we bring gentleness and understanding to his emotion, when we begin to see the deeper reasons of his being upset and explain it to him, the anger can in the wide and clear space of our mutual love and understanding find a way out and eventually die down. So it is with our own emotions. They have to come out. But we ourselves have to remain the older and wiser friend, who knows and understands.

So let´s be very practical here. For there is no use of beating ourselves around the bush in such essential matters. What to do if we become sexual? And notice: we can become extremely sexual in (or after) our meditations, for the sexual orgasm is a way for the parasympathic nervous system to release stress. This parasympathic branch of the nervous system is highly activated by meditation, which explains why we can become very sexual meditating. It is the way our body/mind finds a way to Spirit. It´s a nothing but a helpful physiological process. So the sexual orgasm can be used as a tool for reaching enlightenment, because of its abililty to destress the nervous system. To overstate it  a bit for the sake of argument: enlightenment is only another word for a totally destressed nervous system. Some branches of mysticism have seen and acknowledged this profound (but also dangerous) truth of spirituality and have given the sexual orgasm a worthy role in the sadhana.

But now we see Aurobindo raising his finger. His objection is that sex, anger and the vital as a whole create strong and lingering objects in our consciousness. Because of the pleasure involved in ´letting them out´, these mental and soulful objects lay down fertile seeds in our consciousness that are to sproutSri Aurobindo and the Mother anytime in the future. So if we water the seeds by giving them attention and authority, they will disturb us at moments we don´t want them to, dispelling our peace and tranquility all the time. So it is better not to give them too much attention. Then the seeds will die from lack of care and attention.

I agree there is a danger here in identifying ourselves with the objects the emotions create in our consciousness. This is the main thing we want to avoid in mysticism. But it is not as great as that other danger: neurosis by repression. So a possible solution might be:

1. we only ´give permission´ for objectifying, when there is a considerable amount of violence in the emotions that last for considerable time. So if we notice that a particular emotion dies down after a few minutes we can ignore it. But if a very violent attack of sex or rage is fighting its way out, we must give it attention. Because this is the signal of the body that it wants to destress itself.

2. This second step is a very important one. It is crucial for the success of our sadhana. When we are forced to objectify, we choose the soul for the field of objectification. This means that we only live out the emotion in our fantasy and in our personal sphere, on our own. When some feelings of old rage about past humiliations cloud our mind, we lock ourselves up in our room and start looking the rage right in the eye, while saying to ourselves how this rage feels and why it is there etc. That way we will live it out in our fantasy. We´ll picture with closed eyes the exact moment the humiliation occurred and how our emotions reacted or should have reacted on the spot. We might scream and curse at this moment, but it is only lived out in fantasy, not in real life with real persons. We might want to take a cushion to punch at, or throw our shoes against the wall, but even in these fits of rage we try keeping the perspective of the Witness looking at this small melodrama. This is what I would call re-enactment by fantasy and it is a very important method of mysticism, which has the purpose of clearing away the seeds of the vital. That way they will not bother us again. But we must never take this rage out of the sphere of fantasy into waking life reality. See them for what they are: only inner realities of our vital life.

3. The violent emotions are left in the room after we have had these ´attacks´. When they have died down we again take the perspective of the Witness as much as possible. So we let these moments of destressing only be momentary. This is also the way to address our sexual feelings. After the fantasy of masturbation we again fall back into Emptiness and leave the sexual imaginary for what it is. This method is greatly supported by the sexual orgasm itself. We should try to adhere to the mindless state that occurs spontaneously after an orgasm. The moment right after is very suited for meditation. If we use these mindless moments of the body with awareness and caution they will greatly benefit our sadhana.

The greatest danger of sex is the immense vital pleasure it provokes. This makes this passion far more dangerous than the other emotions that want to find a way out. Emotions like anger, loneliness, fear, jealousy etc. do not create attachment with the same intensity. It is this attachment in the case of sex that makes her power for objectifying mental imaginary so strong. So this third point is very crucial in the case of sex: we have to detach right away from it, when it has found its way out.

This is the reason we have to be very careful with a sexual partner. It is harder to fall into Emptiness after an orgasm with a live sexual partner, because of the object of our emotions staying present in waking time reality. It would be better to part ways after sex. That way each partner would more easily reach the mindless state. So when it must need be, it is best to have sex with a partner who also has the insight that for sexuality to be useful, it has to refrain from creating any lingering objects in the mind. This can only be the case when there is deep love and spiritual understanding between the two lovers. Then both reach the mindless state easily, supported by their love and concern for their mutual spiritual advance. Under these conditions they can leave eachother be, without any claim or attachment, without bearing any grudge, in the free state of Emptiness.

Another possibility to avoid attachment is to have more sexual partners than one. That way all the beamed energies the vital emotion focuses on one target tend to dissipate more. Dissipated energies loose their intensity and strength. We can more easily let go of objects in our consciousness if not all energy is focused on one point. But we have to be very careful here also, because the attachment to more sexual partners can be just as intense as with one. Then the vital will not be transcended, but strenghtened instead. And because of the considerable time and energy involved in living with more than one sexual partner it may weaken our sadhana, instead of intensifying it.

So perhaps the best thing to do is, as in the case of anger, not to objectify our sexual feelings to waking time reality, but to let them form objects only at the fantasy level of soul, in the world of dreams. Strange as it may seem (only few people seem to acknowledge this fact) but as Spirit is concerned this fantasy level of soul constitutes a higher level than the level of gross forms and consequently offers greater value (Marcel Proust was, though not in a enlightened way, aware of this). So when we take the objects of our sexuality to soul level instead of to bodily/material level, the degree of purification that is reached is a higher one than at a lower level. This is the reason that in most spiritual traditions celibacy is seen to be more advantageous than marriage. For in celibacy the vital energies tend to spiritualize more, because they are lifted out of this lower level to a more subtle one.

Eschatology

Evolutionary biologists warn us not to see evolution as a fixed blueprint of reality. They want to avoid seeing evolution as a Big Plan that was created on forehand by some omniscient Demiurg. The key word in contemporary evolutionary science is contingency: nature evolves by trial and error. That some species survive and evolve is a matter of chance. These species have the good luck that they are the best fitted to survive in a given environment. But it might as well have been some other species or some other individual. Not the strong survive but the ones the best fitted, a matter of pure luck and a result of the superabundance of natural variety in the species. There is no natural law to be found that can predict how evolution will proceed. God does play dice. In fact it is his favorite game. He is just as curious how the dice will fall as we are. But each diced fragment of reality, when it occurs, falls into a certain pattern, a social environment, that has developed a sort of habit of behavior. This habit, that has worked well over the years, is not a fixed law. When something better comes up the habit is replaced or re-adapted. It is to this habit that the new dice adapts itself. So it gives the impression that it is evolving.

These are words of criticism that we have to keep in mind when reading Aurobindo. For the central word in his mysticism is evolution. He believed that all of life, not only the material and the biological, evolved. There are some convincing arguments to be found to back up this theory. Also in Europe some philosophers have argued that evolution is not confined to the material and the biological preclusively, but that we can see the workings of evolution also present at the more subtle levels of psychology, philosophy, spirituality and culture at large. Especially Schelling and Hegel, and in more recent years Habermas, were strong advocates of cultural evolution. It was their main objective to show that cultures and societies evolve in the course of history to greater complexity and to greater value. Hegel believed, just like Aurobindo, that all of life eventually would coincide with Geist, which he saw as the beginning, the steering force and the telos of the world.

In the eyes of Aurobindo spirituality is nothing but a compliance with this steering force of evolution. At the deep fundamental level of our prayers and meditations, but also at the surface level of day to day reality, we have to give in to the rising tide of the Force. Then in the end the descendence of the supramental to the lower plains of the mental, the vital and the material will ultimately take place. What he called ´work´ was our conscious effort to assist this evolutionary tendency. We were helped in this respect by the the divine force of the Mother, because this spiritual growth was nothing but the ground plan of nature herself. It would certainly succeed if we would clear away all the obstacles preventing it.

The big debate concerning these questions is not between creationists and evolutionists, because that debate is a bit silly and childish. But the big issue is really between people who believe in evolution with design and the ones who believe in evolution without design. Aurobindo belonged to the former group. His faith in God´s plan with the world was unshakable. He believed that everything in the cosmos was heading towards ultimate unification in Godhead. For him it was the one crucial axiom that made trust and surrender possible. The great truth of this axiom was to be found in the deep stillness of meditation. It was revealed to Aurobindo in the depth of his ecstasy.

I do not want to question this theory, because it might be true. Nothing, in fact, might even be more true than this one theory, I say with reverence. Many mystics and many pious believers insist that there is a spiritual plan that governs the world. They have experienced it to the marrow of their bones, so they say. We can use their testimonies to strengthen the case of Aurobindo and the other philosophers of evolution.

But the great problem with this theory is that it might easily slip into spiritual pathology. This has unfortunately happened to all the major world religions. Even more strongly so in many religious cults. This pathology is called eschatology, the belief that at a certain moment in time the end of evolution will definitely and conclusively been reached. Then the worlds will have reached the end of the Great Cycle and will again be re-united in Brahma. Or Jesus or the Messiah will have come down from heaven to found a new spiritual constitution on earth. This belief easily wants to see itself fulfilled. So it has happened numerous times in history that religious cults have assigned a special date on the calendar to the coming of this Judgment Day and Final Delivery, each time to their own disappointment, when they saw the clock strike twelve and nothing eventually happened. Or worse still: complete cults have committed suicide in the sure belief that their souls had reached the ending of time, like it happened with the followers of rev. Jim Jones in Jonestown, Guyana, in the seventies. Mirra the MotherEven Mirra Alfassa, ´the Mother´ of Aurobindo´s ashram in Pondicherry, suffered from an attack of eschatology, when she declared one beautiful summer day in the year 1958 that ´the Supramental has finally descended to earth´. It is no small wonder that such proclamations provoke bouts of mass hysteria, when prophesied by leaders with authority.

As mysticism is concerned this eschatology entails the danger that the sadhak will be seduced into looking ahead to the future, to a time when hopefully all of his problems will have come to an end, instead of completely living in the Here and Now of the one and only reality there is. Then ´the plan´ easily slips in and all mystical effectivity will be lost. For then the aspiring mystic will bring all his hopes and expectations to his meditations. And again will there be a someone who is doing something in order to reach something. But all hopes and expectations must be cleared away from consciousness. Only then can Grace happen, if she chooses to do so. Grace happens only out of grace. It is not of our doing. Mysticism should only concern itself with the nihil.

Enlightenment is found at another dimension, at the vertical dimension, of reality. We must not project her on the horizontal line of our existence in time, as is done in eschatology. Aurobindo might be right in stating that our ability to see this vertical dimension may increase as we proceed on the horizontal line, but that is another matter. It is not the same thing as believing that ´now we are wretched, but one day we will be saved´. This is nothing but a perversion of spiritual insights. This perversion has resulted in the life denying belief in a happy afterlife for the soul, which might be a comfort to most people, but the certainty of which has not been proved until this day. Death must not become our eschatology, but only the Here and Now of this life.

Is there a divine plan working in the cosmos? Does this plan give meaning to life? Or can life also be meaningful in absence of any definite plan? Is there a game of dice going on in the world? Or is on every head and in every fur each single hair counted? Is enlightenment something that is reached in the future or is it ´always already´ the case?

Maybe all these questions sink away in the fundamental unknowability of the world where they are forever resolved and redeemed in everlasting blissfulness.


www.mysticism.nl

Amsterdam, May 10  2006




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