Picture S-1

Map of the Caribbean/Amazonian area. Marked are waterways and modern borders. The former and the latter are interrelated: most of the north border of Brazil is formed by the watershed of the rivers that flow to the Amazon, resp. the Atlantic Ocean. The border between Venezuela and Guyana is the watershed between the rivers of the Essequibo, resp. the Orinoco system. The other borders are large rivers (Oyapock, Marowijne and Corantijn). The rivers are the transport routes in this part of the world.

Picture S-2

Landscape of the Sipaliwini Savanna in the extreme south of Suriname.
Photograph F.C. Bubberman.

Picture S-3

Early Ceramic Cultures in Suriname

Picture S-4

Projectile point made by the early hunters/gatherer groups in South Suriname. It was found in situ in one of the workshop sites in the Sipaliwini Savanne.
Photograph F.C. Bubberman.

Picture S-5

Efficient watercraft is an important commodity in Amazonia. Travel via rivers is much more efficient than over land in most of Amazonia. The river is the Sipaliwini in southwest Suriname. The village is Kwamalasamoetoe. Photograph A.H. Versteeg.

Picture S-6a

Watercolor (made ca. 1842) of round Akawaio houses in Guyana. (after E.A. Goodall, 1977:84)

Picture S-6b

Watercolor (made ca. 1842) of round Maopityan house in Guyana. (after E.A. Goodall, 1977:76)

Picture S-7

The ethnographical record can supply many data that do not exist in the archaeological record. The roof construction of this Oayana maloca (near Lawa River, French Guiana) informs us on such constructions. Studying many such constructions supplies data on the way pre-Columbian houses that have comparable floor-plans, such as excavated in St. Eustatius, were constructed.
Photograph A.H. Versteeg.

Picture S-8

Pottery of the Kaurikreek site is characterized by appliqué decorations and typical temper.
Photograph A.H. Versteeg.

Picture S-9

Handles found in Kaurikreek site. The peg-topped handle (right lower row) suggests a Saladoid affiliation for Kaurikreek.
Photograph A.H. Versteeg.

Picture S-10

Saladoid pottery from Wonotobo site in west Suriname (after Boomert, 1983:113).

Picture S-11

Aerial view of Aifa, a Kalapalo village in central Brazil. A circular layout of malocas around a circular plaza is visible. A rectangular ceremonial house is situated near the center of the plaza. This ceremonial house contains wooden trumpets and other paraphernalia used during ceremonies.
After Basso, 1973:45

Picture S-12

Reconstruction of the Buckleburg-1/ -2 mounds at the banks of a small creek in the coastal area of West Suriname. The raised fields and ditches are visible at the left. These mounds and agricultural fields were situated just south of the salt- and brackishwater area; the mangrove area and the Atlantic Ocean are visible in the backgound.

Picture S-13

Bucklebrug-1 mound at present during the wet season. The water in the swamp is 30-40 cm deep. Mark the characteristic vegetation of the mound.
Photograph A.H. Versteeg.

Picture S-14

Characteristic decoration patterns of the early Mabaruma Buckleburg pottery. It is dated 300-600 AD.

Picture S-15

Late-Hertenrits style pottery from Prins Bernhard Polder site.
Photograph A.H. Versteeg.

Picture S-16

Spade of hardwood (Prins Bernard Polder). Probably raised fields and mounds were made with such tools in prehistory. Length ca. 70 cm.

Picture S-17

Complex of raised fields near Galibi in East Suriname. Area of Barbakoeba Culture.
Photograph F.C. Bubberman.

Picture S-18

The distribution of Koriabo and inland site areas in Suriname

Picture S-19

Pottery from Kwatta Tingiholo site in central Suriname The inside of the vessel at the right hand has been decorated with dark red painted bands. (after Tacoma et al., 1991:21)

Picture S-20a

Perforated ax-shaped stone object found at Kwatta Tingiholo site. Size 12.8x12.8 cm. It is not clear whether this site was still inhabited when De Ojeda sailed along the Surinam coast in 1499. This beautiful object probably had a ceremonial function.

Picture S-20b

Stylized pierced frog-shaped stone object found at Kwatta Tingiholo. Size 2.5x2 cm.

Picture S-21

Floorplan and vertical section of Pondo Creek site in the interior of east Suriname. This site consists of a trench wich was 5 m wide and more than 2 m deep in prehistory. The diameter varies between 125 and 95 m. 1, 2 and 3 in the left drawing indicate excavation pits made in 1978. 1 in the right drawing indicates the soil levels in 1978 and 2 the situation in prehistory. The lowest layer was black/dark gray.

Picture S-22

This rock with petroglyphs in the Sipaliwini Savanna is situated near the watershed of the rivers of the Coratijn Basin and those of the Amazonian Basin. It is the only petroglyph in Suriname that is situated far from rivers or creeks. It is not far from the watershed of the rivers that flow to the north and the south. The symmetry and typical shape of these petroglyphs suggests that they are associated with those rivers.
Photograph F.C. Bubberman.

Picture S-23

Stone row on a granite boulder in the Sipaliwini Savanna. The east-west orientation suggests a ceremonial function for such stone rows.
Photograph F.C. Bubberman.

Table 1

Picture EUX-1a

Typical Saladoid pottery from the Golden Rock site in St. Eustatius The complete pottery items (lowest three) had a ceremonial function. They were buried on purpose (cache context) in the plaza north of the houses. For a plaza see picture S-11.

Picture EUX-2

Floor plan of largest maloca (diameter 19 m) excavated at the Golden Rock site on St. Eustatius. Below the floor plan a reconstruction of the maloca. The reconstruction is on display in the museum of the St. Eustatius Historical Foundation.

After Versteeg & Schinkel, 1992: 157; lower photograph A.H. Versteeg.

Picture FG-13

Archaeological map of the Arauquinoid cultures of coastal Suriname and French Guiana. Type sherds from left to right: Hertenrits, Kwatta, Barbakoeba, Thémire styles. After Rostain, 1994:fig. 13.